It was said that Jawhar Al-Saqly first named the city Al-Mansouriya after the name of the city of Al-Mansour, which was established outside Al-Qayrawan Al-Mansour, God, the father of Al-Mu'izz, for the sake of his memory. The name continued until Al-Mu'izz came to Egypt and was named "Cairo" four years after its founding. Fatimi, it was said to have called it Cairo to conquer the world, or it was named after the Conqueror planet Mars. Cairo has several famous names, including Egypt al-Mahrousa, Cairo al-Mu'izz, the city of 1,000 minarets, and the Pearl of the East.

Ancient Cairo

Cairo has gained its status and influence on various civilizations thanks to its strategic position chosen by the people of Egypt since the dawn of civilization. It has always distinguished itself from other historical capitals. Its development was a series of episodes that started with the city of Un in the pre-dynastic era, which was like the religious capital after the unification of the country and the beginning of the era of families by King Myna. Later On was known as Hellenic Heliopolis or Ain Shams. Following the Islamic conquest of Egypt in the year 18 A.H./639 A.D., Amr Bin Al-Aas built the city of Fustat in 21 A.H./641 A.D. and built a mosque known by his name, and then moved beyond the residence of Arab tribes. Following the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate and the elimination of the Umayyad Caliphate, Abbasid established the city of Al-Askar in a place known as Al-Hamra Al-Matadiya, northeast of Fustat. Saleh built the city of Al-Amira and the residence of the soldier. He went up to Mount Mukattam, and saw between the military and the police a space land, where he overtook his new city, the Al-Qatia. The city of Al-Askari was surrounded by a number of soldiers. Nearly a hundred years after the establishment of the Al-Qatia Mosque, the Fatimid entered Egypt under the leadership of Jawhar Al-Saqli, a delegate from the Caliph Al-Mu'izz Lideen Allah. He laid the foundation for Al-Qaa'a (Cairo) to the northeast.

Paleozoic

on

iunu in hieroglyphics

or

The ancient city of Un, whose location is currently the Matariya and Ain Shams, was one of the most prominent ancient Egyptian cultural centers. It was mentioned in the ancient Egyptian Matoon with the names of "Onu Afaq Al-Samaa" and "Anou Al-Samaa", and considered it the headquarters of the chosen gods and the birthplace of each idol. The city had its own political past. It is one of the oldest capitals of the United Egypt at the dawn of history, as a result of the efforts of its leaders, who set up their first unit for two sides that preceded the unification that took place at the hands of King Myna. The city's fame in philosophy and religion gave it its doctrine of the origin of existence. In the ark, the city's fame is due to the invention of the solar calendar that distinguished Egyptian civilization. Although the city of Un did not play a prominent political role in historical times, it has maintained its cultural, cultural, and religious status and the kings' desire to leave their traces through it throughout the ages. The modern excavations have produced many effects, including the upper part of a small series of sandstone dating back to the reign of the King, which comes from the old state. An antique of the Middle State era is a spade of red granite established by King Senusret I, an obelisk of Pharaoh Thutmosis III, a number of limestone paintings and part of an ancient statue. The ruins of the modern state include the pillar of Marnabataj, the statue of King City II of the limestone, the remains of a temple to King Ramses III, a number of pillar crowns and parts of pillars and statues of the sphinx.

babylonian

Hanging Church Inside

Babylon Fortress

Babylon is currently located in the Coptic Cairo area. It was created by Ramses II and was taken by the Babylonian prisoners who revolted against him. The castle was built where they were arrested, and the whole city was named. The city was famous during the Roman era of Emperor Augustus. Emperor Trajan was ordered to rebuild it in 130 BC, and the fort was turned into a military city. The fort was repaired and expanded by Roman emperor Arkadius in the fourth century AD. Stones were used to build the fort, taken from Pharaonic temples and completed with red bricks. Only the main buildings of the fort are now left, and they are surrounded by big towers. They were built over one of the towers of the Hanging Church. The other tower was built over the Roman Orthodox Church of Mar Girgis. and a synagogue of the Jews. The Roman fort is known as the Wax Palace or the Babylon Castle, which covers about half a square kilometer and includes the Coptic Museum. In the year 641, the fortress fell into the hands of Amr bin Al-Aas after a siege that lasted for about seven months on Rabi' al-Thani 18 Rabi' al-Rabi'a al-Thani 20 A.H./16 April 641. Its fall was an indication of the entry of Islam in Egypt. Amr Bin Al-Aas chose a strategic place north of Babylon Fort, where he settled in the city of Fustat, and inside it the Babylon Fortress, to be a city for Arab soldiers.

Middle Ages

pad

Amr Bin Al-As Mosque

It was established by Amr Bin Al-As, north of the Babylon Fortress, and it was ordered to be the first capital of Islam in Egypt, instead of Alexandria. In the center of the city, it established a prayer mosque named after him and famous for his four maneuvers. The land was planned around him for neighborhoods. Taifi, Amr ibn Mahzm al-Khawlani, Jibril bin Nasrat al-Maafari. The city is known for its paved streets and spacious houses, which are surrounded by fountains and gardens. Many markets, most of which were along the Nile River, are located in the city, unlike markets around the mosque. The choice of the location of the city was easy to defend for natural reasons. The Nile is bordered by the West and the Muqattam Mountains of the East, which have constituted a natural barrier against any external attack.

military

Al-Askar is the second Islamic capital in Egypt. The Abbasid Caliphate was established in a place known as Al-Hamra, northeast of Al-Fustat. In that place, they established their homes and houses. The city is considered an extension of the planning and construction trends of the city of Fustat. It has become a great place in the building, built housing and palaces, and expanded its life until it joined Fustat. Egypt has ruled from 65 to 120 years, and its location is likely to be near the Sayyida Zainab neighborhood.

Al-Qatia

Ahmad Bin Tulun Mosque

Al-Qatia is the city founded by Ahmed Bin Tulun, making it the third Islamic capital in Egypt. Its name is attributed to its planning system, which was carried out by Samarra, where Bin Tulun grew up. It is the cross-cutting planning of residential units, each made up of a group of residents who are linked by a single association, class or level. The city built space between Askar and Muqattam. Its first plan was 256H/870. Six years later, in 876, Ibn Tulun celebrated the foundation of the mosque, named after him, on Jabal Shukr. It was built in two years and is located in the center of the city. It is considered one of the largest mosques in the Islamic world, covering 266500000 square meters He steps up to his doors with round stairs, and Ibn Tulun has established the first hospital in Egypt in the orchards. Those involved in the government or administration of the country and the military were transferred to the city, and the public was not allowed to live there. Al-Qatia remained the capital of Egypt during the 27-year rule until 293 A.E./905 A.D., with the arrival of the Abbasid Army, which erased Al-Qatia and turned it into ruins with the retention of the mosque. The city of Al-Askar returned as the headquarters of the Fatimid.

Cairo Al-Mu'izz

Bab Al-Futouh

Cairo's Plan under the Fatimid Era

Nearly a hundred years after the construction of the Qatia, Jaish al-Fatimi came to Egypt from Morocco under the leadership of Jawhar al-Saqlaqi, a delegate from the Caliph al-Mu'izz Lideen Allah. He arrived in Fustat on July 11, 358, 969. He entered it the next day, and joined his soldiers in al-in al-gap in al-Qatia On July 5th, 969 A.M., which he called "Cairo", the foundation of the Great Fatimid Palace was laid on Sha'ban 18th, 358 A.H., and next to it, the building of Al-Azhar Mosque in Jumada al-Awwal in Jumada al-Awwal 350A. A The northern side has the Gate of Victory and the Gate of Fattouh. The eastern side has the Gate of Al-Buraiqa (Al-Gharib) and the Quratain (Al-Mahrouq). The city began as a military city that included the houses of princes, government offices, and treasury offices. In 973, it became the capital of the Fatimid state when the Moez Lideen Allah from Morocco moved to it, and it was called Cairo Al-Mu'izz. Twelve years after the founding of Cairo, the Prince of the Armies, Badr Al-Jamali, who was the Minister of the Caliph Al-Mustanser Bellah, saw that people were built outside the Cairo Wall due to the expansion of construction. He surrounded it with a wall, which connected it to the Essence Wall in 480 A.H. (100880).

The Ayobian Age

Salah al-Din Citadel

Sultan Noureddine Mahmoud sent a campaign to Egypt to drive out the crusaders under the leadership of Asadin Shirkoh, who was accompanied by his nephew, Najmeddine Ayoub, Salah al-Din. After the death of Sherkoh, the wali of al-Khalifa al-Aaed, Salah al-Din, the Egyptian Ministry of Defense, he became the country's first man. Then Salah Al-Din dealt with matters, the weakness of the leader's order, and the destruction of the house of knowledge, and the building of it was a Shafei school, the building of the Al-Ghazl House for the King, the isolation of the Shiite judges, and the residence of a shafi. Instead of establishing a new capital, Salah Al-Din turned to include the four suburbs of the city (Al-Fustat, Al-Askar, Al-Qatia, and Al-Fatimah) to be together the capital of the state. Cairo went beyond its old walls and extended its planning to reach the Al-Jabal Castle, which remained the headquarters of Egypt during the ages following the rule of the Ayyubid. In 569 A.H., Baha El-Din Qaraqosh was appointed to build a wall around Cairo with its new borders. It increased the Cairo Wall, which extends from the Bridge to Bab Al-Shaereyya, from Bab Al-Shariya to Bab Al-Bahr, and then increased it to the Tower and outside the Jabal Citadel. One of the remaining features of this era is the Joseph well's canaries and the canals of the watercourse that carry the water to the castle.

Mamluque

In the middle of Al-Mahmoudiyyah Mosque, between the Sultan Hassan Al-Rafei and the Mohamed Ali Mosque

Al-Zaher Barquq Mosque

The Mamluk era is the golden age of Cairo, especially after the Crusader wars in the Levant subsided and the Mamluk defeated the Mongols. He built a wonderful mosque known today as al-Zaher Mosque, whose name was Safiya Mosque. He also built many buildings in Salah al-Din Citadel as a gold house. He built markets, bridges, and piles, and his princes helped build many architecture, squares, halls, houses, mosques, and baths, which added a touch of beauty and beauty to the city.

Al-Nasser Bin Qalawun Mosque

During the Qalawun family, which ruled Egypt for nearly 100 years, Mansour Qalawun built a variety of rare rites, including the Al-Jalilah School and its dome or shrine. He built the marstan and made it a stop for all sects of the king, even slaves. In the days of Sultan Al-Nasser Mohammed Bin Qalawun, Cairo spread north across the desert, north-west and west through the Nile's silt that gradually yielded new land west of Cairo. The princes of the Mamluk left no piece of land inside Cairo, except for the establishment of mosques, schools, baths, roads, agencies and shrines. Sultan Al-Nasser loved the building, the Cairo branch, with the finest buildings. He built under the Citadel of Salah Al-Din a stadium for games and competitions among princes, and built many palaces inside the castle, and built his two minarets university, which is still in place until now. In his days, he visited the Muslim Egypt, Ibn Battuta in 1326. He said, The rule of the Maritime Mamluk was born of the historian Taqi Al-Din Al-Maqrizi, who wrote an important encyclopedia on Egypt's plans and on Cairo in particular, which described the beauty of Cairo's architecture and arts. During the days of Sultan Hassan bin Qalawun, a great building was built, represented by the Sultan Hassan Mosque, which is considered the most beautiful mosque in Cairo. During the era of the Mamluk Jamascis, their love for beautiful buildings and common sense emerged. Their sultans and their old princes and mosques, including the king's mosque, which is shown with parchment next to Al-Nasser Qalawun School, were asphyxiated by King Nasser Bin Barqq, a huge building designed to serve several purposes. It is a shrine for the Percusk family, a mosque, the Sultan al-Ashraf mosque of Qaitbay and the Sultan Qunsua al-Ghouri mosque.

Ottoman Empire

"Geir Anderson Museum Currently"

The city of Cairo, as shown in the "Book of Freedom" drawn up in the early sixteenth century by the Ottoman navigator Perry Reyes.

To ensure that Basha does not leave the city and independence in Egypt, he has placed three administrations in Egypt to monitor each other so as not to fear unity or rebellion. The first force is the Basha. Its most important duty is to notify the royal orders of the government and the people and to monitor their implementation. The second force is the "six groups" and is required to maintain order and defend the country The third force is the "Mamluk", which is the remains of marine and passenger property. It is their duty to maintain a balance between the Basha and the groups, as they are enemies of both teams. The emirs of Mamluk remained the real power in the country, and their influence increased as the influence of the high door decreased and the power of their rulers in Egypt decreased. There are still traces of that era that remain of Mohamed Bek Abu Al-Dahab Mosque towards Al-Azhar Mosque, and Emad Abdel Rahman Ktakheda, "Governor of Egypt", who was in love with construction and built and renovated a lot of mosques, roads and shrines. This was in the forefront of those seeking to beautify Cairo. He built a new Al-Azhar Mosque, built a pulpit for him, built a great gate for him, built an office for the education of Muslim children. He built the Tiberias School, built a mosque and an office at the entrance of the wire, a mosque, an office, an office, a driver and a lighthouse at Al-Azbakiyah. Abdeen, it is a great role to be courteous and perfect.

Modern Age

Upper Dynasty

Mohammed Ali Mosque

Mohammed Ali Mosque

Mohammed Ali founded the Alawite family in Egypt and established during his rule the bases of the modern renaissance. He moved from the decay that he controlled during the Ottomans to the brink of the modern era, and advanced it to the ranks of developed countries. He built modern schools, sent scientific missions, reorganized the army and government administration, established various industrial departments in the Sebtiya area, built bridges, barnacles, and dug canals. The Ministry of Education's General Directorate of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Dr. Mohammed Ali Ali, who was known for his unique genius. Mohammed Ali took an interest in Cairo, ordered the organization, expansion, cleaning and lighting of its streets, took down the ruins surrounding it and threw its ponds. In 1834, he formed a council to oversee the beautification of Cairo. He also hired artists and skilled workers from France, Italy and Turkey to build palaces, and required them to appoint four Egyptians to learn their craft, one of the most famous palaces, He also built a university in the castle, which was built along the lines of the Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Astana. In April 1847, Egypt moved from Mohammed Ali to Ibrahim Pasha, who strengthened the army, the fleet and the Haqqani Association, which organized the case. In his era, the Palace of Rawda and the Palace of Higher Education were completely demolished and turned into a huge park. Under Abbas Pasha, the British were privileged to build a railway line between Cairo and Alexandria in 1851. The Abbasiya neighborhood was built in the desert of northeast Cairo in 1849 to establish military barracks, and the Pasha and Saray al-Haswa, a school of war and a hospital, were built there. After the death of Abbas I, the Egyptian ruler, to Said Pasha, he opened the Cairo-Alexandria railway line in 1854. The main railway station was built in Bab al-Hadid in 1856. With his death, Egypt's rule was transferred to Ismail Pasha in 1863.

Ismail the Age of Khedive

Old Opera House

Abdeen Palace

The title of Cairo Al-Khadeoia goes back to the first ruler of Egypt, Al-Khedive Ismail, who assumed the throne of Egypt on January 18, 1863. He gave Cairo a new bright face and defined its cultural landmarks through achievements that were engraved on the walls of its buildings and modern streets. When Ismail Pasha assumed the throne, Egypt had a population of 270,000, stretching from the Citadel in Al-Muqattam in the east to the Al-Azbakeya cemetery and Al-Ataba and Al-Manasrah in the west. This led to the excitement of Ismail Pasha to create a construction revolution in the country's capital that would rise to European capitals. In 1872, Ismail Ismail opened Mohamed Ali Street, "The Citadel". In 1875, he built the Opera House, and the books were a pillar. One of the most important palaces built during that period was Abdeen Palace, which was built in 1863, The palace's name dates back to Abdeen Bey's palace. Ismail Basha asked that Abdeen's name be kept for the palace and its field. The Qasr al-Nil and Abu al-Alaa bridges were later built to connect Cairo to Zamalek and Giza, and the tram line was introduced to the streets of Cairo in 1896 to connect the green threshold with al-Abbasiya.

Contemporary Cairo

Cairo in the 1920s

At the beginning of the twentieth century, the city of Cairo witnessed a huge development as a result of the arrival of foreign businessmen. A number of commercial agencies and shops were established, which later became famous brands like Grubbi and others. It also witnessed an expansion through linking Shubra to Cairo in 1902, linking Al-Zaher to Sayyida Zainab and West Azbakiyah in 19993 60. The reconstruction of the Zamalek neighborhood in 1905 began work in the Heliopolis suburb in 1906, and the Maadi suburb in 1907.

After the revolution and the completion of the establishment of the Bank of Egypt, Cairo became the headquarters of many Egyptian companies and projects that grew up one after another. In the 1920s, Cairo reached a high level of sophistication and civilization. In 1921, it was selected to organize the Cairo conference, which brought together many European and Middle Eastern leaders to discuss the repercussions of the first world war, In 1925, I received a beautiful and cleaner medal in the Mediterranean basin countries, as it is a city of elegance in the design of its buildings, the cleanliness of its streets, and the regularity of its traffic.

A picture of Allied leaders at the Cairo Conference of 1943

In November 1943, during World War II, Cairo saw the Allied Leaders' Meeting in Cairo, attended by President Franklin Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, Chinese Commander Chan Kai-shek, and Turkish Prime Minister Ismat Inunu. The conference marked a milestone with the Cairo Declaration, signed on November 27, 199494, which provided for the deployment of troops in France, and Japan's withdrawal from Chinese provinces, and the need for Japan's withdrawal from Chinese provinces, and continued fighting, and the continuation of the continuation of the battle.

Cairo Fire

On January 26, 1952, after the Ismailia incident happened on January 25 between British forces and Egyptian police, unknown people set fire to the city of Cairo, which consumed many public places, hotels, cinemas, shops and offices, and resulted in dozens of victims. These events led to the resignation of the popular Ministry of Delegation, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ali Maher Pasha, and the imposition of martial law in the country. In July, Free Officers acted as a start to the events of the July 23 revolution, and Cairo was a decisive stop in these events. Although King Farouk and his entourage were in Alexandria, the siege of Abdeen Palace and the seizure of the Egyptian General Army General General Leadership The throne is for his son.

Following the 1967 war, residents of the Suez Canal provinces (Port Said, Ismailia and Suez) were evacuated. Cairo was one of the most welcoming provinces for the displaced, which was once a large number, causing a real estate crisis and increasing prices.

Anti-Morsi demonstrations

Tahrir Square during the January 25 revolution

In the aftermath of the October war and the beginning of the era of economic openness, Cairo witnessed a large wave of emigration of the inhabitants of the regions for the purpose of education or work. This led to a change in the demographic of the city as it used to be. The demolition of old palaces for building residential buildings began, and the 1980s and 1990s witnessed the largest encroachment and building on agricultural land. The last quarter of the 20th century witnessed the construction of the new cities. After the construction of Nasr City during the era of Nasser, the city of May 15, and the city of peace under Sadat, the era of Mubarak witnessed the establishment of New Cairo and the city of Badr and Al-Shourouk.

On January 25, 2011, a series of social and political demonstrations and popular protests took place. Cairo's Tahrir Square was the most prominent place of these demonstrations, with numbers described as millions.

Following Morsi's inauguration, Mohamed Morsi took several measures and issued decisions that provoked protests and demonstrations, the most prominent of which was the events at the Federal Palace, which resulted in casualties. On June 30, 2013, mass demonstrations by opponents of Mohamed Morsi took place in Egyptian squares, most notably Tahrir Square, demanding early presidential elections and the departure of the regime.

The Unknown Soldier Memorial in Nasr City

Heliopolis

New Cairo

The Egyptian government has adopted a national strategic plan for the invasion of the desert and the establishment of new urban communities outside the Nile Valley and its Nile Delta, to be urban centers and residential and economic attractions with the aim of redistributing the population and different activities in a balanced way throughout the Arab Republic of Egypt. These projects started during the royal era with the establishment of the new Heliopolis suburb, considered the most important experiment in the world in the establishment of new cities during the first half of the twentieth century Out of the urban sprawl built in Europe at the end of the nineteenth century, the spread of large urban spaces and the expanding, straight streets planned in the form of a high-rise urban neighborhood was comparable to European neighborhoods. In the wake of the July 23, 1952 revolution, Nasr City was established by a decision by President Gamal Abdel Nasser with the aim of urban expansion in the desert area northeast of Cairo, especially in the east of the Abbasiya neighborhood, away from agricultural land. He gave the start of the construction of an integrated city in a civilized manner and a distinguished architectural style called "Nasr City." Egypt/Suez, up to 51km and its intersection with al-Qattamiya, west of Salah Salem Street, north of al-Masr al-Jadeeda, and south of Muqattam. In 1978, the construction of the city of May 15, one of the first generation of new urban communities established by the Ministry of Housing, was launched after the correction revolution on May 15, 1971. The city of May 15 connected Cairo to two main roads, the Nile Corniche and the Autostrad Road. In 1979, the decision was made to establish the new city of Cairo, which expanded its known neighborhoods of Al-Amal, Al-Rehab, and the cities of Al-Jamia Al-Ula, Al-Thais, and Al-Khames. In 1982, the prime minister decided to build the city of Badr on the Cairo/Suez highway on an area of 18,454.43 feddans, 7,018 acres of residential area, and 2,173 acres of service. In 1995, a presidential decree was issued to build the city of Al-Shuruq on an area of 16.11 thousand feddans, of which 9,200 feddans were urban blocks, with 5,302 feddans added in 2015.

Location

Cairo is located on the Nile Islands' sides in Egypt's north, just southeast of the point where the Nile River leaves its valley confined to the desert, dividing it into two sub-sections within the Nile Delta region. The western part of the Paris City model was built by Egypt's Khedive Ismail in the mid-nineteenth century, which was characterized by vast neighborhoods, public parks and open spaces. The older eastern part of the city has expanded randomly over centuries and is filled with small roads and crowded buildings. West Cairo is full of government buildings and modern architecture, and the most important part of Cairo has been the eastern half of the city. It contains the historical monuments of the city throughout the ages due to its old mosques, churches, archeological buildings and ancient landmarks.

Zamalek Island in West District

administrative division

The city is divided into four main areas:

• The eastern region includes nine neighborhoods: (Peace first, peace second, meadow, ain shams, rain, masr al-gedida, al-nuzha, west of Nasr City, east of Nasr City).
• The western region includes nine neighborhoods: (Al-Wayli, Bab Al-Shaereyya, Manshiyet Nasser, Abdeen, Al-Moski, Al-Azbeika, Boulaq, Midtown, West).
• The northern region includes eight neighborhoods: (Olives, Dome Gardens, Amiriyah, Red Corner, Sharabi, Sahel, Shubra, Rawd El-Farag).
• The southern region comprises 11 districts: (Mrs. Zainab, Ancient Egypt, Caliph, Muqattam, Orchards, Dar es Salaam, Maadi, Tora, Helwan, Taban, May 15).

Cairo temperatures

climate

Cairo's climate is moderate for most days of the year and the daily average temperature during the summer ranges between 22 and 34 degrees Celsius while the daily average during winter ranges between 18 degrees Celsius and 9 degrees Celsius. It can be considered that there are two seasons during the year, a hot summer from May to October, and a moderate winter from November to April. The climate of Cairo is also very dry, and rain falls at a low density during the winter, and humidity levels rise during the summer. Sometimes Cairo is exposed to some hot winds carrying dust during the period between March and June, known as the Winds of the Fifties.

population

By the end of 2018, the population of Cairo reached 9.7 million people, a percentage of 10.6% of the total population of Egypt. This is the most populated city in Egypt, with its ethnic structure, infrastructure, and various local and international functions. Thousands of Egyptian governorates are displaced daily due to their work inside Cairo, or the achievement of personal interests or treatment as a result of the concentration of investments, government agencies and major hospitals.

Language

Prayers at the Ruler's Mosque

Christians inside the Church of Saint Mark

The Arabic language is spoken in Cairo, but the spoken Arabic language in Cairo is different from that in Central and Upper Egypt. The Egyptian Arabic is the most important of the modern Arabic forms in the region. Contrary to news and the like, films are not recorded using Fusha - the language of writing throughout the Arab world - but are used in the region's spoken language. Thus, the dialect used was Egyptian for most of these films. That is why Egyptian Arabic, especially Cairene, is well understood throughout the Arab region. Classical Arabic since the Arab domination of Egypt in the seventh century is the language of writing and literature. Coptic is only used as the liturgy of the Coptic Orthodox Church. Coptic is a continuation of the ancient Egyptian language and is written in letters derived from Greek, which are now only spoken as a sacred language. As foreign languages, English and French are spoken as elitist language on a narrow scale.

religion

Islam is the official religion of Egypt, including Cairo, in accordance with the Egyptian constitution. It recognizes the rights of followers of the three religions - Judaism, Christianity and Islam, the majority of the city's Muslim population - Sunna and Gamaa, the majority of Orthodox Christians, and other minorities - besides Jews. The most important religious institution in the state is the Al-Azhar Mosque, which is considered one of the most important pillars of Sunni Islam in the world. The Coptic Orthodox Church also occupies an important position as a national church representing the majority of Egypt's Christians.

Amarah

Modern architecture in Cairo

Four Seasons Hotel Garden City

Palace of the Baron Empain in Heliopolis

As a historical city, Cairo is distinguished by its ancient heritage and its hosting of a unique collection of architectural rites, which reflects the development of Islamic architecture in the city over a period of 1,300 years. Now, this constructive development has become an open museum for architecture. In its halls, it displays the architecture of every stage of the city's progress, in a continuous cycle of architectural styles. Its gates.

Contemporary Cairene architecture has been inspired by its ideas and vocabulary of Egyptian architectural heritage. In the early 1990s, some architects used the Pharaonic elements of the Pharaonic order, such as gates and columns, and imitated them with modern materials and structures. In the 1990s, the Pharaonic model inspired the design by moving the words of the Pharaonic temple to the building facades, focusing on using the hierarchy as well as installing the unknown soldier in Nasr City. Some architects were inspired by their designs from the Islamic architectural heritage. For this reason, several scenes emerged in the first half of the 20th century, such as the Arab Music Institute on Ramses Street (1929), the Egyptian Engineers Society building on the same street (1935), and in the 1980s and 199999990's, models for the restoration of this architectural thought began to appear, including the building of the Cairo Cairo Cairo Center for the Cairo Cairo Cairo Cairo Cairo Center for planning and the Cairo Egyptian Center for planning and the Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Al-Nile Architecture, The high-rise buildings in the World Trade Center towers on the Nile Corniche provide a clear indication of the potential for Islamic heritage to benefit from contemporary architecture, which focuses on using high-rise buildings, especially in major cities, as an economic determinant in the rise in land prices.

Egyptian Radio and Television Building

Media

Egyptian leading official and unofficial newspapers are published in Cairo, such as Al-Ahram, the oldest newspaper in Egypt. They are published in Al-Ahram daily, Al-Ahram Hebdo, Al-Masa newspaper, Al-Arabi magazine, and other magazines, Dar Al-Youm Daily, Al-Akhbar Al-Youm Weekly, Dar Al-Tahrir, and Gomhoriah. Al-Sharq Al-Awsat, Egypt's main news agency. Cairo is the headquarters of the Radio and Television Building in Maspero, from which government radio and television channels are launched.

arts

It is a center for arts of all kinds, evenings, cultural seminars and theatrical and cinematic shows. It is one of the creative cities listed by UNESCO for creative cities in arts and crafts since 2017. The most prominent aspect of arts in Cairo is the Egyptian Opera House or the National Cultural Center in Zamalek, which was built as a grant from the Japanese government It was inaugurated on October 10th, 1988, as a replacement for the Khedive Opera House, which was built by Al-Khedive Ismail in 1869 and was burned down on October 28, 1971 after it was a cultural beacon for 102 years.

Egyptian cortical plate

traditional fruit seller

kitchen

Cairene cuisine is the head of the simple and diverse Egyptian cuisine. Bread is given priority and is called the Cairene dialect, as a synonym for the word life. The beans and falafel dishes are considered one of the most famous elements of Cairo breakfast. Koshary, hearth, stuffed animal, mlokhia, fatta, kaars, and rice are some of the most prominent dishes. Tea, coffee, reed juice, licorice and sobia are among the most popular drinks in the city.

Central Bank of Egypt

Khan Al-Khalili

Cairo is the economic hub of Egypt, as it is the capital of the country and the most populated city in Egypt, and the most powerful in terms of infrastructure. It is the headquarters of major companies, the World Trade Center, the Egyptian Stock Exchange, the Central Bank, the main banks, the Ministry of Trade and Industry, the Ministry of Investment and the Ministry of International Cooperation, and it is the regional headquarters of the Arab Industrial and mining organization selected by international organizations and international institutions as headquarters for its regional offices in Egypt the United Arab Industrial Development Organization, the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, the Council of Arab Economic Unity. It also includes several industrial zones, the snake lynx on an area of 1,000 acres south of Helwan on an area of 7 feddans, al-Qatamiya on an area of 71 feddans, and al-Rubiki on an area of 1,629 acres. In contrast to the handicrafts centers represented in the traditional crafts center in Fustat, which includes workshops for many activities of the art of carpentry, such as the use of shells and arapisk, and the art of glass that is adjoined by gypsum, jewelry, tent and ceramics. It is located on the outskirts of Cairo's Al-Muizz Street for God's Religion. It is also home to a network of traditional markets and workshops on acquisitions, such as copper, gold, leather, wooden and paper. In 2009, Cairo ranked seventh among the 50 most prominent cities eligible for IT services under the Outsourcing System.

tourism

A public view of a city neighborhood

Cairo Tower

Al-Azhar Park

Cairo is a first-class tourist city with a variety of tourist attractions that any visitor may need. It has many archeological sites dating back to the Pharaohs' era, the walls of the ancient Muslim-era city, and Islamic, Christian and Jewish archeological sites that have existed since the entry of various religions into Egypt.

The city also has famous shopping areas, dozens of palaces, mosques, churches, historical gates, ancient buildings of various ages, cultural and artistic sites, theaters and other places, and has large numbers of hotels, places of residence of all kinds and degrees.

It is also replete with natural reserves that are far from the city's core traffic, and that stand out as tranquil, comfortable, and natural shrines. Besides enjoying the Nile River journeys, the city has a wealth of modern architectural facilities on its banks.

Entertainment Tourism

Nile River

Nile River

Cairo is the site of several important recreational tourist attractions that include recreational parks that are frequented by both adults and children, including al-Azbakiyah Park, al-Fustat Park, al-Fustat Park, Helwan Park, which includes some statues that symbolize various historical eras, such as the lotus flower statue, the oriental elephant statue that guards the place, the statue of the face of life, a woman who closes her eyes with a shy smile that reflects the idea of reverence for the woman. 8. A statue of a Shibah student sitting to teach them Buddhist religion in front of the big lake, the Statue of Three Wisdom, which is of three monkeys urging humans not to interfere in the affairs of others: "I don't hear, I don't speak," in addition to Lotus Lake, music kiosk and trees. The Cairo Park tops the list of Cairo's biggest and most beautiful gardens. It is located on an area of 80 acres that were used in the past as a landfill and waste dump for over a thousand years. The project was announced in 1984 and was opened to visitors in 2005. It took more than 7 years to construct, at a total cost of more than 100 million pounds, which was borne by the Aghakhan Foundation for Islamic Architecture.

The Cairo Tower also stands out as one of the landmarks of the modern city, which was designed by engineer Noam Shabib. It was built in the form of the Egyptian lotus flower from the armed concrete between 1956 and 1961. The tower stands on the base of the Aswany granite stones that were used by the ancient Egyptians in building their temples and tombs. It is 187 meters high and 43 meters above the largest pyramid in Giza, and consists of 16 floors. It takes 45 seconds to reach the top of the tower inside the elevator to reach its end. The tower is located in the heart of Cairo on Zamalek Island in the Nile River. There is a tourist restaurant at the top of it on a revolving platform that allows restaurant customers to see the features of Cairo from all sides. Indigo journeys are becoming increasingly popular among tourists of both types, ranging from minor trips on the back of old wooden boats or luxury trips aboard modern ships.

environmental tourism

Tigris Valley Reserve

forest fossilized reserve

Apart from the bustling of Cairo, the city's nature reserves are one of the most prominent and calm landmarks. They are the Tigris Valley Reserve, located east of the Maadi suburb in the eastern desert. It covers an area of about 60 square kilometers and is a fossil reserve. It's about 18 species of reptiles, and 12 species of birds representing the Eastern Desert's resident and migratory environment. Eighteen kilometers from the east of the suburb of Maadi, the fossilized forest reserve, which represents a geological treasure and human heritage, is located. The forest includes trees whose legs and branches are kept in full details, scattered over an area of seven square kilometers that turned into trees of stones. This natural transformation took place about 35 million years ago, and this dense forest of fossilized trees is a natural product of the era in which rivers began to enter Egypt from the south. The reserve also has some higher ion formations and contains some invertebrate fossils that are 60 million years old. In Helwan, one of the most famous water springs in Egypt, "Ain Helwan", was the destination of Cairo's residents because of its large mineral water, which treats many skin diseases. It is considered one of the richest elements of medical healing.

Egyptian Museum of Liberation

cultural tourism

Cultural tourism in Cairo is one of the most important attractions for tourism. The city has a variety of antiquities made from whole areas, open museums, and has contributed to the creation of Egyptian museums of international standing. It has inspired dozens of books and novels such as the Naguib Mahfouz trilogy, the best Arabic novel. Al-Tahrir, Museum of Islamic Art, Coptic Museum, Museum of Modern Egyptian Art, Al-Menial Palace, Museum of Civilization, Museum of Egyptian Railways, Museum of Egyptian Railways, Museum of the House of the Nation, Museum of All Royal Vehicles of Bulaq, Museum of Salahuddin Castle, Military Museum, Police Museum museum of historical documents).

religious tourism

Al-Azhar Mosque

Hanging Church

Cairo is rich in a large number of holy sites, whether Jewish, Christian or Islamic, which are frequented by hundreds of visitors in what is known as religious tourism. The sites and sanctities of the three monotheistic religions are spread, including historical Islamic landmarks such as Al-Azhar Mosque, Ibn Tulun Mosque, Al-Zaher Baibars Mosque, Al-Aqmar Mosque, Sinan Pasha Mosque, Barquq, Qaitbay Mosque, Qalawun Mosque, Guru Mosque, Sorghatesh Mosque, Mohammed Ali Mosque, Al-Rifai Mosque, Al-Hussein Mosque, Sayyeda Zainab Mosque, Sayida Aisha Mosque, Madame Sayida Skina Mosque, Sayida Nafisa Mosque, Imam Al-Al-Shafei.

Many houses and castles that record Egypt's Islamic history include Beit Al-Saheemi, Beit Al-Hrawi, Beit Zainab Khatun, Beit Al-Sitt Uwaislah, Beit Jamal Al-Din Al-Dhahabi, Bayt Mahmoud Moharram, Qalaa Salahuddin, the gates of Old Cairo. The most famous is Bab Al-Al-Fatouh He is famous for hanging the heads of the country's enemies, whether those who threaten it from outside or those who conspire against it from inside.

Also, ancient Christian sites that record the course of the Holy Family, such as the Church of Saint Sergius, which the Holy Family took refuge in Egypt, the Hanging Church, the Church of Barbara, the Basilica of the Basilica, the Saint Mark in Abbasiya, and many other ancient monasteries and churches. Several religious sites of Jewish significance, such as the Ben Ezra Synagogue, the Moses Ben Maimon Synagogue, the Haim Kabusi Synagogue, the Shaare Chaim Shmaem Synagogue, the Bar-Juhai Synagogue, are located on their territory.

• Saint Mark's Cathedral

• Muhammad Ali Mosque

• Sultan Hassan Mosque

• Al-Hakim Mosque

• Basilica of the Basilica

Cairo International Book Fair

Festival and conference tourism

Festival, conference and exhibition tourism is an important tourist model for Cairo and its effectiveness is popular from inside and outside the country. The goal is to promote tourism, diversify tourist attractions, encourage shopping and sponsor artistic events.

Cairo is the main city hosting international conferences and exhibitions because of its availability of international conference centers with technical and technological capabilities and modern equipment, as well as a high-level hotel space that provides comfort to the city's guests. The most important of these is the Cairo International Book Fair, the Cairo International Film Festival, the Cairo International Experimental Theater Festival, the Cairo Arab Media Festival and the Nile Festival.

Cairo Commonwealth Cemetery

Travel to visit cemeteries

In Egypt, there are 16 tombs of the Commonwealth Tombs scattered in the governorates of Cairo, Alexandria, Matrouh, Port Said, Ismailia, Suez and Aswan. It is supervised by the Commonwealth, an organization that oversees 23,000 sites in 154 countries for the remains of victims of world wars.

The tombs are well-attended by thousands of grandchildren of the world's World War I and II victims who are interested in visiting them to commemorate their forefathers. Cairo's share comes in two graves, the first located near Salah Salem Street and designed by Sir Robert Lorimer, and the second located in Heliopolis, designed by Herbert Worthington.

World Heritage Sites

Al-Mu'izz Street in Fatimid Cairo

Old Cairo is one of the oldest cities in the Islamic world, with its mosques, schools, baths, and springs. Founded in the 10th century, the city became the center of the Islamic world and reached its golden age in the 14th century. The UNESCO Committee decided to include it on the World Heritage List in 1979. Historical Cairo includes types of high-class architecture such as schools, agencies, choirs, shovels, shovels, baths, homes and palaces such as Beit Al-Saheemi and Prince Bishtak's palace. Markets such as Khan Al-Khalili, Al-Saghieh, Al-Nahhas and Al-Nahas, as well as old neighborhoods such as Al-Rabia and Al-Al Al-Al-Subrabia.

The city is home to a large number of old mosques, including the Amr bin al-As mosque, which is the first of its kind in Fustat. The Ibn Tulun mosque is the third in Egypt to be built after the Amr Ibn al-Aas mosque and the Askar mosque. It was built in 876 and was completed in 879. Al-Azhar Azhar Mosque is the first modern architectural work The work began in 970 and finished its establishment in 972. In the era of the victorious Caliph, God willing, the Al-Hussein Mosque was built in 1154.

Education

American University Library in New Cairo

Ain Shams University Pharmacy College

Cairo has long been the hub of education and services not only for Egypt but also for the Muslim world. Cairo has the largest number of schools, universities and institutes among cities in Egypt, due to its large population. Education in Cairo is no different than in the rest of Egypt, and it is almost of the same quality. There are also many private schools that teach curricula similar to those in public schools, but less in the number of students and more efficient than public schools due to the financial support available. There are language schools that teach the same curricula in English, French or German. Cairo is the cradle of the establishment of Cairo University as the first university in modern systems. It was founded under the name "Egyptian University" at Janakles Palace in 1907 before the university was moved to its current headquarters in Giza. It currently has several universities, ranging from ancient to newly established, including Helwan University, Ain Shams University, Al-Azhar University, German University, French University, University, Russian University, University, Police Academy Arab Academy of Sciences Branch.

Children's Cancer Hospital

health

Cairo is the site of hundreds of public and private hospitals. One of the most famous modern hospitals is: Ain Shams Al-Specialist, International Peace, Al-Shifa International, Dar Al-Hikma, Cleopatra, Al-Abbasiya Psychiatric Hospital, 57357 Children's Cancer Treatment Hospital for free, National Institute for Kidney and Urology, Qasr Al-Aini Street, which includes several health edifices. The city was also chosen as a headquarters for the largest hospital in the Egyptian Armed Forces Medical Services Department, including the Military Medical Complex in the Qubba Bridge, the Armed Forces Medical Complex in Maadi, the Military Ghamrah Hospital, the Al-Askari Hospital, the Al-Helmiya Military Hospital for Al-Azam and Takmel Hospital, the Civil Force Staff Hospital, and the Jalaa hospital for families.

sport

Cairo International Stadium

Military College Stadium

Hall covered at Cairo Stadium

Cairo has the largest and most popular sports clubs in Egypt, as well as the largest number of sports fields and halls. Cairo has organized several African, Middle Eastern, Islamic and Mediterranean sports championships and tournaments, including the 1986 African Cup of Nations, the 1991 African Games, the 1999 Men's Handball World Championship, the 2006 Men's Squash World Cup, the 2006 Men's handball World championship 7, 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup, 2010 African Men's Handball Championship, 2010 African Women's Handball Championship, 2016 FIBA U-19 World Championship, 2017 World Handball Cup. One of the most famous clubs in Cairo is Al-Ahly, Zamalek, Al-Jazeera, Al-Zuhour, Heliopolis, Al-Shams, Al-Shar, Al-Qanoon Al-Arab, Al-Nasr, Wadi Dejla. One of the most important sports facilities in Cairo is the Cairo International Stadium, which was established in 1955 and was completed in 1960 and was opened by President Gamal Abdel Nasser in the celebrations of the July Revolution that same year. It is called Nasser Stadium, but the name is changed by President Hosni Mubarak. The halls are among the largest sports halls in the Middle East and Africa. It has a complex The world is based on several criteria, the most prominent of which is public capacity, the date of construction and architecture, in addition to famous football stadiums such as the Military Academy Stadium, the June 30 Air Defense Stadium.

transportation

Cairo's hubs, neighborhoods, and areas link it to the rest of Egypt's cities and governorates to a huge network of roads and communications, most of which are run by electronic traffic lights and monitored by surveillance cameras. It serves millions of citizens every day. The network includes bridges, railways and tunnel trains, along with public buses and taxis. The city is connected to other cities around the world. Cairo Airport is considered the most important airport in Egypt.

Cairo Airport

Cairo Airport Passenger Building 3

Cairo Air Port or Cairo International Airport is an international airport located 22 kilometers northeast of Cairo city and covers an area of about 40 million square meters. The airport dates back to 1942 and opened in its modern form in 1963. It is considered Egypt's main air gateway. It is considered the second largest airport on the African continent in terms of air traffic after Cape Town, South Africa. The airport represents about 40% of air traffic in Egypt and is connected to 91 airports around the world through various airlines. The airport has a capacity of 22 million passengers a year. More than 60 airlines from around the world use the airport, 10 air cargo companies and charter flights, and it is managed and operated by the Cairo Airport Company. The airport was selected as Africa's best airport for 2006 by the African Airlines Association through a survey conducted by the Union on the performance, infrastructure and continuous modernization of African airports. The airport's importance increased, especially after EgyptAir joined the Star Alliance and the transformation of Cairo Airport into a pivotal airport linking Africa, the Middle East and Europe to gather transit passengers and fly them to all airports around the world. The airport has three passenger buildings, one with a capacity of 6 million passengers per year, one (2) with a capacity of 3.5 million passengers per year, one (3) with a capacity of 11 million passengers per year, and a seasonal flight building with a capacity of 2 million passengers per year, and four runways.

river bus

river transport

The river bus was first used in 1961 as a means of transportation and for short Nile cruises. On March 1, 2016, a river taxi project was opened from Cairo to Maadi. The river taxi route will begin at the Yacht Club marina in the Maadi Corniche, through three stations: Manil al-Rawda, Garden City, and then to Tahrir as a first stage. Greater Cairo. The river taxi is currently operating on a trial basis for passenger transport, tourism and flights, pending the completion of licensing procedures in Cairo and Giza governorates. Cairo is connected to the rest of Egypt's provinces with several river lines, including the Cairo/Aswan line, the Cairo/Alexandria line, the Cairo/Damietta line. The importance of river transport is that it is the most secure means of transport for a lack of accidents compared to other means of transport due to the smooth flow of traffic, lack of intersections, environmentally friendly, low fuel consumption and the ability to transport large-sized shipments, which are not time and speed, are of great importance for transport.

railway

Egypt station inside at night

The Cairo Railway Station, Ramses Station or Bab Al-Hadid Station, is one of the oldest existing railway stations in the world. The Egyptian Railway Station is the first to be built in Africa and the Middle East, and the second in the world after the United Kingdom. It was established in the 1950s and started in the era of Khedive Ismail . A number of commercial shops, offices for some banks, and a commercial mall that includes commercial, service, recreational activities, and cafés with the aim of increasing annual station revenues. In addition, the main hall was redesigned, the ticket hall was developed into an electronic terminal, and the station was supplied with train ticket machines With prepayment cards, with computer reservation and ATM cards, the result is a reduction in the traffic on the box office. A memorial memorial in the main lobby of the station was added as a hollow pyramid in the middle of it to see an inner pyramid and a crystal landmark containing a list of the martyrs of the January 25 revolution. The station was provided with electronic security gates and a surveillance network with cameras. The project cost 160 million Egyptian pounds to develop and has prepared the general plan, designs and engineering drawings of the Engineering Center for Public Service at the Faculty of Engineering at the University of Alexandria.

Cairo Tram

Tram

The history of the Tram de Cairo or the Tram de Masr al-Gedida dates back to the 1980s when Baron Embain decided to create a new Egypt. At the time, he had the idea of launching a tram that would roam empty streets to attract citizens. The tram used to go through 16 stations, and there was a decrease in the number of stations, which now stands at only 8 stations, represented by 3 lines. Tram is an easy and economical means of transportation, making it the best option for low-income people. There are occasional reports of cancelations aimed at expanding roads to reduce traffic jams, while government sources deny the news and declare their intention to develop and upgrade vehicles to provide better services to citizens.

subway

second line

Cairo Metro Lines

The current "white" taxi

Modern public transport buses

Cairo is ranked seventh in the world among the most crowded cities in the world. This has led the Egyptian government to take parallel measures to improve the transportation network in order to cope with the population increase in the city and meet its requirements. So, thinking of the subway project as one of the solutions to the traffic crisis in the Egyptian capital. The first phase of the first line began in 1982 and ended on October 1, 1987. The second phase was on April 12, 1989, linking the industrial zone and Helwan University to the commercial zone in central Cairo and the northeast Cairo area. The project extends to the 42.7 km-long coral. A family at the Ain Shams station and the Al-Marj/Shebin Al-Qanater/Qalyub station at the Al-Marj station. The number of stations of the line is 34, including five tunnel stations, and the rest are surface stations. The Egyptian government has begun to consider supporting the metro by constructing a second line linking Cairo to Giza and Qalyubia governorates, and linking the Shubra al-Kheima railway station to the Giza railway station. The second line was built from the Shubra al-Kheima station to Giza, through the Ramses Martyrs Station and al-Sadat Tahrir Station. In response to heavy transportation demands, construction began on the third metro line to link east Cairo to west Cairo. The first line at Gamal Abdel Nasser Station and the second line at Ataba Station will be exchanged with the aim of reducing surface traffic to other means of transport by 2 million trips per day.

Taxis

Cairo taxis are famous in black and white. A taxi system was established in the capital to bring modern cars into the streets of Cairo that work alongside the old taxi and use a specific riding tariff. These cars were yellow. This is until the governorate of Cairo started to replace and replace old taxis with modern ones that are white, using the capital's taxi system and in co-operation with the Ministries of Environment and Finance and a number of executive agencies. The "black" London taxi, which appeared in Cairo in 2010, is considered one of the best taxis in the city. Despite its relatively high prices, it is mainly geared to tourists and businessmen. Owing to the development of technical services and the decline in the "white" taxi service, companies using smart devices for commercial purposes for the transport of paid personnel appeared in late 2015.

Public transport buses

The Public Transport Authority in Cairo has been operating its own buses in Cairo. Since 2010, it has updated its fleet of buses, introduced new ones of red color, and pulled out old green and white buses. It also introduced new buses for service in 2016, which were chosen in blue. In 2015, Cairo received 600 public transport buses donated by the United Arab Emirates to develop the Public Transport Authority's fleet in Cairo at a total value of 550 million Egyptian pounds. These buses are manufactured according to tough service specifications and are manufactured by 50% in Egypt and the other half in a bus factory in Abu Dhabi, UAE.

road

Qasr Al-Nil Bridge

October 6 Bridge

Cairo is connected to several traffic hubs, the most famous of which is the ring road, a ring road built to connect the provinces of Greater Cairo, and to alleviate traffic congestion in Cairo and its suburbs, which can reach more than 100,000 cars per day. The Ministry of Housing started construction in 1986 and completed the road in 2005, which will run for a total length of 100 kilometers. The October Bridge, which is 14 to 34 meters wide and includes 23 buildings and 7 to 8 meters wide, starts in the Dokki Bridge, crosses the Nile River and passes through the Gamrah area until it reaches the Nasr Road. Salah Salem Street, one of the largest and longest streets in Cairo, is home to tributaries from all over the city, making it a main hub. Al-Nasr Road and Suez Bridge Street. One of the most famous squares of Cairo Khedive is Tahrir Square, Ramsis Square, Ataba Square, Tawfik Square, Talaat Harb Square, Abdeen Square, Astronomical Square, Lazoghli Square, Bab El-Louq Square, Mustafa Kamel Square, Mohammed Farid Square. The squares of ancient Cairo are Sayeda Zainab Square, Sayyida Aisha Square, Sayyida Nafisa Square. Among the fields of Masr al-Gedida and al-Qubba are Abbasiya Square, Al-Qubba Gardens, Roxi Square, Traumf Square, Court Square, Mosque Square, Korba Square, Heliopolis Square. The squares of Nasr City are the Hour's Square, the Rabaa al-Adawiyya Square.

The distance between Cairo and the Egyptian cities

The following is the kilometers distance between Cairo and other Egyptian cities:

Ashwaiat between Old Cairo mosques

slums

The problem of slums is one of the contemporary city's problems, which has grown with the population increase since the 1960s. This has been accompanied by social and economic changes that have led to the continued increase in the rate of migration from the countryside to Cairo, which has resulted in increasing demand in the real estate market, coupled with a shortage in housing units. As a result of the spread of this phenomenon in Cairo and several other Egyptian cities, the Egyptian government has started to deal with it through, inter alia, development through the state budget, development through cooperation with international bodies, development through cooperation with non-governmental organizations, businessmen and civil society, and development through cooperation with ministries related to development.

pollution

Cairo's air pollution exceeds international air pollution by 7 times, and was classified by the 11th annual conference of the Egyptian Association of Air, Chest and Allergy in Cairo as the third largest city in the world in terms of air pollution, after the cities of Mexico and the Chinese capital Beijing. The increase in pollution in Cairo is due to a number of reasons, including the smoke caused by burning rice straw in some governorates of the delta and northern Upper Upper Upper Upper Upper Egypt, which is known for years Around 12,600 industrial plants in the nearby governorates of Giza and Qalyubia are littering large quantities of pollutants and smoke, while garbage fires are blown in open areas in Cairo and nearby provinces, in addition to exhaust and exhaust tons of contaminated smoke. The cost of air and air pollution in Cairo is estimated at 10 billion pounds annually.

Cairo traffic jam

congestion

The problem of traffic congestion in Cairo has become one of the daily crises in the city, especially during rush hour. A recent study on the traffic crisis in Cairo, issued by the World Bank in partnership with the National Transportation Institute affiliated with the Ministry of Transport, revealed that the traffic congestion in Cairo causes annual losses to the state estimated at 50 billion pounds, equivalent to 4% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP), including fuel costs and health effects resulting from poor air quality and accidents, in addition to delays in transportation and arrival. The average speed on Cairo's main roads ranges between 15 and 40 km/h, the study said. This problem is due to several factors, the most important of which is the unplanned population increase. Consequently, the public streets are unable to absorb these numbers and achieve acceptable traffic, neglect the maintenance, expansion, and support of main roads with modern traffic systems, and planning for parking spaces, the lack of special lanes for public buses and heavy transport trailers, the lack of strict application of traffic rules, weak driving behaviors, the proliferation of emergency vendors in squares and streets, the phenomenon of arbitrary parking .

Sheik Mohamed Refaat

It was war

Naguib Mahfouz

Abd El-Fattah Al-Sisi

Mohamed Abd El-Wahab

Fouad Al-Mohandes

Aisha Rateb

Najat Al-Saghirah

Shadia

• Mohamed Refaat, a pioneer of the readers of the Quran in Egypt, was born on May 9, 1882 in the Al-Moghrabi neighborhood.
• Talaat Harb, Egypt's top economist, was born on November 25, 1867 in Al-Gamaliyah neighborhood.
• Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, the sixth president of the Arab Republic of Egypt, was born on November 19, 1954 in al-Gamaliyah neighborhood.
• Naguib Mahfouz Adeb and a Nobel Prize-winning novelist for literature, was born on December 11, 1911 in the District of Gamaliyah.
• Kamel al-Shennawi, a journalist and poet, was born on December 7, 1910 in al-Jamaliya neighborhood.
• Mahmoud al-Mulaiji, an artist and a actor, was born on December 22, 1910 in al-Jamaliya neighborhood.
• Abdel Fattah al-Qasry, an artist and actor, was born on April 15, 1905 in al-Jamaliya neighborhood.
• Fouad al-Muhandis, an artist and a actor, was born on September 6, 1924 in al-Abbasiya neighborhood.
• Mohammed Sobhi, an artist, actor, director and author, was born on March 3, 1948 in the neighborhood of Sayyeda Zainab.
• Ahmad Rateb, an artist and a actor, was born on January 23, 1949 in Sayyeda Zainab neighborhood.
• Ezzat al-Alayli, an artist and a representative, was born on September 15, 1937 in Bab al-Shariya neighborhood.
• Abdel Moneim Madbouli is an artist, actor, director and author. He was born on December 28, 1921 in Bab al-Shariya neighborhood.
• Mohammed Abdul Wahab, an artist, musician, singer, composer and actor, was born on March 13, 1902 in Bab al-Shaereyya neighborhood.
• Najeeb Al-Rihani, an artist and a actor, was born on January 21, 1889 in Bab Al-Shariya neighborhood.
• Mohammed al-Qasabji, an artist, musician and composer, was born on April 15, 1892 in the neighborhood of Abdeen.
• Mohammed al-Azabi, an artist, singer and actor, was born on February 20, 1938 in Al-Hussein neighborhood.
• Badie Khairy, a poet, author and playwright, was born on August 17, 1893 in Al-Moghrabi neighborhood.
• Abu al-Saud al-Ibyari, a screenwriter and playwright, was born on November 9, 1910 in Bab al-Shaereyya neighborhood.
• Bahaa Sultan, an artist and a singer, was born on October 1, 1972 in the Al-Quba Gardens neighborhood.
• Najat Al-Saghirah, an artist, singer and actress, was born on August 11, 1938 in Abdeen Neighborhood.
• Shadia, an artist, singer and actress, was born on February 8, 1934 in Abdeen Neighborhood.
• Yousra, artist and actress, was born on March 10, 1955 in Cairo.
• Nadia Mustafa, an artist and a singer, was born on October 27, 1963 in Maadi neighborhood.
• Lamees Jaber is a doctor, a writer, a writer and a politician who was born in Shubra.
• Aisha Rateb, a human rights researcher, activist, political activist, ambassador and former minister, was born on February 22, 1928 in Al-Darb Al-Ahmar neighborhood.

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